Taxation and health care financing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Taxation and health care financing - Essay Example Health care financing is one of the most fundamental issues faced by every society which has some health care services to provide to its members. Health Care Financing is a term which often refers to the means and sources required to provide health care services. However, it is also critical to understand that sourcing of financing the healthcare do not only include just the money but it also include the voluntary sources such as rendering of voluntary services as well as gifts received in kind. The issue of financing health care is critical in the sense that the quantum of financing defines the overall quality of basic health care provision.While discussing healthcare financing, it is also important to understand the sources of financing i.e. from where to raise the money, how those sources are used and who controls them therefore, what is critical is the fact that health care financing is not just limited to the monetary aspect of financing but it also requires careful management o f various other non-monetary aspects of health care financing too.While discussing the sources of financing for health care, taxation is one of the major sources which can help raise the necessary funds to leverage healthcare provision on much larger scale. Taxation is also important because of it is probably the largest source of revenue for any government to fund its expenses including expenditure on health care. This paper will discuss some of the advantages of using taxation to finance health care. Taxation and Health Care Financing One of the most important sources of raising general revenue for healthcare financing is general taxes imposed by State. Important sources of taxes include income taxes, excise duties as well as various business taxes however, what is important is how the government allocates funds raised by charging such taxes. Though, such taxes are general in nature and the allocation of such resources depends upon the general priorities of the respective government however, If government's priorities include providing sustainable health care provision than government may divert substantial sources of funds to health care services. (Goodman & Waddington, 2008). UK's population is increasingly becoming old as well as obese therefore the overall expenditure on healthcare services is forecasted to increase in coming years. It is therefore, being proposed that specific taxes shall be levied for raising the standards of healthcare services in the country. According to one survey by BBC, in 2002, 69% of the respondents suggested to levy taxes for NHS. Similarly, obesity is increasing the overall costs to be incurred on providing quality healthcare services. Leicester & Windmeijer (2004) are of the opinion that a Fat tax should be imposed on foods which contain high fat or salt in order to control the prevalence of obesity in the country. (Leicester & Windmeijer, 2004). This is because of the fact that increase in obesity rates are increasing the overall budgets for healthcare services as service providers have to divert substantial resources to cure obese people with common diseases such as Cardiac problems, Hypertension, high sugar glucose level s etc. therefore, by levying taxes, substantial revenue sources can be generated in order to improve the general health standards of the masses. Advantages of Taxation There are different advantages of taxation for financing health care as increase in quantum of government revenue would mean greater resources to be diverted to upgrade the current state of healthcare in the country. Increasing the tax base for financing the healthcare services would therefore provide an incentive to the consumers for receiving better and much improved health care services. It is also important to understand that since taxation serve as a general source of revenue for the countries however, in most of the case; it is not earmarked for particular sectors of public healthcare services. By levying taxes specifically for healthcare se

Products and Services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Products and Services - Essay Example China for instance has a long list of turbocharger manufacturers but according to research studies, there is still a room for competition. Target markets are U.S. suppliers like Honeywell International, Inc., Borgwagner, Inc, Mitsubishi Corp, IHI of Japan and other car making companies worldwide. According to a news of Bloomberg on July 27, 2010, the market for turbo charger auto part is fairly conservative, and the demand for turbochargers for cars grow from â€Å"50 percent to a range from 28 million and 30 million units by 2015, with a value of 4 billion euros ($5.2 billion) to 5 billion euros† because of the emission rules and fuel savings (Central turbos, com. Aug. 10, 2010). This news further cited that car makers are looking for suppliers of turbochargers and are willing to go into a joint venture with suppliers. Distribution system Getting this product into the market requires distribution, which could be direct or indirect, and a multi-channel system. According to Ger th, David, an author who compiled lengthy notes on marketing distribution, a distribution system is â€Å"a set of interdependent organizations that help make the product available to consumers or for further use in other business.† Some companies completely develop an alliance with its distribution channel because of the nature of its products. A channel of distribution and an alliance is needed by the turbo charger because they will perform a function here which could not be eliminated like integrating the turbo charger into the performance system of the car. It only requires a short channel length because the nature of turbocharger does not involve frequent purchases, and the product entails concentration. . For this reason, the manufacturer and supplier need to have a harmonious relationship that is called for. An indirect distribution is recommended in this kind of product since the company will not sell directly to the consumers and customers. This is a common practice of distribution when a product is in an assembly line, and being used to supply manufacturers (Tutors,net). Under this arrangement, the company will get an intermediary to his distribution chain. These intermediaries take responsibility of the product and makes sure that it reaches the customer. Conversely, direct distribution is the process of selling goods directly to consumers. Since the product is a car part, it will form part of the car package that will be sold to customer. A multi channel system of distribution is not appropriate for marketing the turbo charger as the product is not displayed in grocery or supermarket stores. A multiple channel system is commonly used when there are more than one distribution design or product brands. Channel members The turbocharger auto part is a type of product that requires a dependent channel arrangement because in this form of setup, channel members are â€Å"bound together† to work on a common goal (tutors.net), such that they f orm a stable relationship. This arrangement is also referred to as a â€Å"Horizontal Marketing Arrangement† wherein two or more companies join together to follow a marketing opportunity† (Gerth, David).For example, the XYZ company works together with Toyota Motors to produce a turbocharged car to be sold to customers. It does not need a multi-channel distribution to reach customers. Another approach of channel

BAJAJ Auto: SWOT and PESTEL Analysis

BAJAJ Auto: SWOT and PESTEL Analysis INTRODUCTION BAJAJ AUTO came into existence on November 29,1945 as M/s Bachraj Trading Corporation private limited. It started off by selling imported two and three wheeler in India .In 1959, it obtained a license from Government of India to manufacture and it went public in 1960.In 1970, it rolled out its 100,000th vehicle. In 1977, it managed to produce and sell 100,000 vehicle in a single financial year. In 1985,it started producing at Waluj near Aurangabad. In 1986,it managed to produce and sell 500,000 vehicle in a single financial year. In 1995,it rolled out its ten millionth vehicle and produced and sold 1 million vehicle in a year. The company is headed by Rahul Bajaj who is worth more than US$1.5 billion.According to the author of Globality : competing with Everyone from Everywhere for Everything, Bajaj has grown operation in 50 countries by creating a line of value -for-money bikes targeted to the different preference of entry- level buyers. (Kwenkbodenmille, 2008) LITERATURE REVIEW Swot Analysis SWOT analysis is a tool for auditing an organization and its environment. It is the first stage of planning and helps marketers to focus on key issues. SWOT stands for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Strengths and weaknesses are internal factors. Opportunities and threats are external factors. In SWOT, strengths and weaknesses are internal factors. Strength could be: Your specialist marketing expertise. A new, innovative product or service. Location of your business. Quality processes and procedures. Any other aspect of your business that adds value to your product or service Weakness could be: Lack of marketing expertise. Undifferentiated products or services (i.e. in relation to your competitors) Location of your business. Poor quality goods or services. Damaged reputation. In SWOT, opportunities and threats are external factors. An opportunity could be: A developing market such as the Internet. Mergers, joint ventures or strategic alliances. Moving into new market segments that offer improved profits. A new international market. A market vacated by an ineffective competitor. A threat could be: A new competitor in your home market. Price wars with competitors. A competitor has a new, innovative product or service. Competitors have superior access to channels of distribution. Taxation is introduced on your product or service. (Gerry Johnson, 2008) PESTEL analysis of the macro-environment There are many factors in the macro-environment that will effect the decisions of the managers of any organisation. Tax changes, new laws, trade barriers, demographic change and government policy changes are all examples of macro change. To help analyse these factors managers can categorise them using the PESTEL model. This classification distinguishes between: (Anon., 2011) Political factors- These refer to government policy such as the degree of intervention in the economy. What goods and services does a government want to provide? To what extent does it believe in subsidising firms? What are its priorities in terms of business support? Political decisions can impact on many vital areas for business such as the education of the workforce, the health of the nation and the quality of the infrastructure of the economy such as the road and rail system. Economic factors- These include interest rates, taxation changes, economic growth, inflation and exchange rates. As you will see throughout the Foundations of Economics book economic change can have a major impact on a firms behaviour. Social factors- Changes in social trends can impact on the demand for a firms products and the availability and willingness of individuals to work. In the UK, for example, the population has been ageing. This has increased the costs for firms who are committed to pension payments for their employees because their staffs are living longer. It also means some firms such as Asda have started to recruit older employees to tap into this growing labour pool. The ageing population also has impact on demand: for example, demand for sheltered accommodation and medicines have increased whereas demand for toys is falling. Technological factors- New technologies create new products and new processes. MP3 players, computer games, online gambling and high definition TVs are all new markets created by technological advances. Online shopping, bar coding and computer aided design are all improvements to the way we do business as a result of better technology. Technology can reduce costs, improve quality and lead to innovation. These developments can benefit consumers as well as the organisations providing the products. Environmental factors- Environmental factors include the weather and climate change. Changes in temperature can impact on many industries including farming, tourism and insurance. With major climate changes occurring due to global warming and with greater environmental awareness this external factor is becoming a significant issue for firms to consider. The growing desire to protect the environment is having an impact on many industries such as the travel and transportation industries (for example, more taxes being placed on air travel and the success of hybrid cars) and the general move towards more environmentally friendly products and processes is affecting demand patterns and creating business opportunities. Legal factors- These are related to the legal environment in which firms operate. In recent years in the UK there have been many significant legal changes that have affected firms behaviour. The introduction of age discrimination and disability discrimination legislation, an increase in the minimum wage and greater requirements for firms to recycle are examples of relatively recent laws that affect an organisations actions. Legal changes can affect a firms costs (e.g. if new systems and procedures have to be developed) and demand (e.g. if the law affects the likelihood of customers buying the good or using the service). (Anon., 2011) SWOT ANALYSIS: STRENGTH:- Bajaj Auto is LEADING automobile manufacturing company in India. It is one of the Indias trusted two wheelers manufacturers. It is an operative subsidy of the Bajaj Group. Bajaj Auto happens to be the largest two and three wheeler manufacturer in India and also ranks in this field across the globe. This automobile company was established on 2 November 1945. The company was then known as M/s Bach raj Trading Corporation Private Limited. The company made a modest beginning by importing and then selling two and three wheelers in India. Today Bajaj Auto has become synonymous with two and three wheelers in the country. Some of its popular two wheelers are; Pulsar 220DTS and Kawasaki Ninja 250R.Bajaj have highly experienced management. Company mainly focus on RD and fulfil of customer needs and requirements. (Ashwin, 2010) Bajaj Auto has been sitting on a cash pile for over five years now. Over the next couple of years, competition in the two-wheeler market is set to intensify. TVS Motors and Hero Honda are on a product expansion binge. To fight this battle and retain its hard-earned market share in the motorcycle segment, Bajaj Auto will need its cash muscle. A look at its own story over the past five years provides valuable insight. (Anon., n.d.) Earlier, most of the products that Bajaj exported were scooters and some motorcycles. However, in its target markets, like in India, the shift was towards motorcycles. With the expansion in Bajajs own range to almost five-six platforms of motorcycles, it had a better offering to export, also the reason for its stronger showing. For the last fiscal, 60 per cent of its exports were two-wheelers and the rest three-wheelers. Of the two-wheeler exports, close to 90 per cent were motorcycles. Bajaj has identified certain key markets, which hold potential. Its first overseas office established at the Jebel Ali free trade zone has been the focal point for exports to middle Africa and the Saharan nations. Egypt and Iran also continue to be strong markets for Bajaj. The other market, which would be a focus area, is South America, where the company feels it is fairly well represented in most countries, except in Brazil, the largest market. The company recently participated in a large auto exhib ition in Brazil and found good consumer acceptance to products like Pulsar and Wind 125. Thus, in India, Bajaj would see swanky four wheels jostling with our ever reliable and sturdy steed the two wheeler India is the second largest producer and manufacturer of two-wheelers in the world. It stands next only to Japan and China in terms of the number of two-wheelers produced and domestic sales respectively. Indian two-wheeler industry has got spectacular growth in the last few years. Indian two-wheeler industry had a small beginning in the early 50s.The Automobile Products of India (API) started manufacturing scooters in the country. Bikes are a major segment of Indian two wheeler industry, the other two being scooters and mopeds. Indian companies are among the largest two-wheeler manufacturers in the world. In the initial stages, the scooter segment was dominated by API; it was later overtaken by Bajaj Auto. (Anon., 2007) Weakness: The promotions and ads of Bajaj are very less as compared to its competitors. Some of the products of Bajaj like Pulsar require high maintenance. It expected that by 2020 scrap generated by end of life vehicles in India would be about 2.5 million tonnes and 40% of it will come from two wheelers. But Bajaj is not capable enough to recycle the scrap generated and may impose environmental threat. In Bajaj group there is no organized labour union and family members of employees find ready employment within Bajaj. The philosophy with regard to labour management is Bajaj is growing, grow with Bajaj. Bajaj workers receive a uniform allowance, as well as House Rent Allowance (HRA) and Leave Travel Allowance (LTA). Extra benefits include medical check- ups not just for workers, but also for the immediate family members. For the majority of the production workers, who are hired through contractors, these benefits are out of reach. This and other problems lead to a strike and factory occupation by 4,000 temp workers in the pune plant in spring 2006 (Ashwin, 2010) Bajaj Hasnt employed the excess cash for long. Bajaj has no established brand to match Hero Hondas Splendor in commuter segment not a global player in spite of huge volumes. Bajaj Not a globally recognizable brand (unlike the JV partner Kawasaki) (Anon., 2011) Opportunities: Double-digit growth in two-wheeler market. Untapped market above 180 cc in motorcycles. More maturity and movement towards higher-end motorcycles. The growing gearless trendy scooters and scooterette market. Growing world demand for entry-level motorcycles especially in emerging markets. The Inevitable Change Bajaj on internal analysis found that it lacked The technical expertise to deliver competitive goods. The design know-how. And the immediate inability to support the onslaught of competitors. All these forced Bajaj to look for an international partner who could bring in technology and also offer some basic platforms to be manufactured and marketed in India. Kawasaki of Japan is a world-renowned manufacturer of high performance bikes. Bajaj entered into a strategic tie-up with Kawasaki in late 1990s to enhance its product line and knowledge up-gradation to support long-term strategies. This served the purpose of sustaining the market competition for a while. From 1996 to 2000, Bajaj invested hugely in infrastructure while simultaneously developing product design and innovation capabilities, which is the prime reason behind the energetic Bajaj of 21st century. Bajaj introduced a slew of products right from entry-level motorcycle to the high premium segment right from 2001 onwards, and since then its raining success all the way for Bajaj. (Anon., 2007) Last quarter, Bajaj had impressive performance growing at a rate of 20%+ when the largest manufacturer grew at just 6%. This stands a testimony to the various important strategic decisions over the past decade. The focus of BAL off late has been on providing the best of the class models at competitive prices. Most of the Bajaj models come loaded with the latest features within the price band acceptable by the market. BAL has been the pioneer in stretching competition into providing latest features in the price segment by updating the low price bikes with the latest features like disk-brakes, anti-skid technology and dual suspension, etc. NCAER data for top 24 cities in India shows migration to higher income levels growing at over 40 per cent per annum. Prosperity in rural India is also a significant phenomenon, with 43 per cent of households in middle and the high income groups coming from rural India. More incomes per person, more persons will lead to a quadrupling of Indias consumer markets in the next two decades, a 2007 study by McKinsey Global institute has projected. And this will provide Company the ballast to sustain and consolidate its leadership position. Good will of the company: If the company utilizes the good will they have gained so far from their customers, they can increase the sales performance by economizing the cost and few technical renovation of the product. With new launch they can be benefited at present market scenario like Pulsar, Ninja has huge attraction towards the younger generation because of its style, sporty look, and high accelerating power and is stable at its feet even at high speeds. (Ashwin, 2010) Threats: The competition catches-up any new innovation in no time. Threat of cheap imported motorcycles from China. Margins getting squeezed from both the directions (Price as well as Cost) Finance assistance: Easy availability of finance is the main cause of sales growth and any restriction will hamper its growth prospects. Inflation: If inflation increases cost of raw material used in production will go high and selling price may go high that may decrease demand of the two wheeler. Technical renovation aspect: Competitor bike like Karizma splandar and apache are threat to Bajaj product like Pulsar Discover in respect to fuel economy. So if they dont short out in the new launches and give something extra in its engineering performance it may affect in demand of this company product. (Ashwin, 2010) For PESTEL analysis refer Appendix RECOMMENDATIONS: 1) Use excess capacity present to produce ungeared scooters for women. The female population constituting around 50 per cent of our addressable population contributes less then 10 percent of the total two-wheeler demand. With urban markets with addressable male population getting saturated, players will have to aggressively target the women population for expansion. 2) Review product mix, focus on RD to bring new products in market Demographics show increased youth population Young people fashion savvy 3) Focus on Rural market: Rural markets currently contribute around 45 per cent of the industrys demand. However, going forward, with urban markets getting saturated, analysts expect a rise in demand from rural markets. To address the changing dynamics, BAJAJ would have to resort to aggressive rural-centric sales and promotional activities. BAJAJ would have to alter marketing strategies by focusing on rural oriented adverting on mass media, educative road shows and create aspiration values for the products, and expand their sales distribution network. Introduce low cost models Develop sales distribution network which is currently weaker than other players For rural youth, introduce low cost trendy vehicles 4) Increase focus on exports and penetrate new markets: With domestic demand for two-wheelers slowing down, it would be increasingly important for BAJAJ to look beyond boundaries to partially mitigate the slowdown. BAJAJ would accordingly have to develop products suitable for different markets; high investments are required for setting up manufacturing facilities and for building a reasonable level of brand equity. Till now BAJAJ focussed only on economy class and developing country markets, but now in those segments it is facing competition from cheap Chinese players. Therefore need arises to penetrate new markets like USA and UK. CONCLUSION: Bajaj auto faces stiff competition from the Market leader Honda and closest rival Suzuki. It is because they are not able to create reliable brand image among their customers. They need to focus on developing their products that can give better experience to their consumer. 1. From the survey, it is seen that Bajaj is only able to somewhat satisfy their costumers from their products. They need to create a great sense of joy in their customers by offering unmatched product features and service that will make their customers loyal to the brand and this will greatly help Bajaj in increasing its market share. 2. Bajajs product prices are in comparison with its leading competitors. The problem is that consumers do not think that Bajaj has that much value and hence prefer to buy other brands. Bajaj need to offer more competitive pricing and better promotions to sell their motor cycle better.

The Etiology and Treatment of Parkinson Disease Essay -- Health Aging

Parkinson Disease There exists a group of people who live the final years of their lives in glass boxes. They are perfectly capable of seeing outside, but incapable of reaching out to the world around them. Their emotions can not be shown through facial expression, and as their condition continues, speech also becomes difficult or even impossible. These people are men and women of all races and geographical areas, constituting one percent of the world’s population over 50 years old. Parkinson disease is their affliction. Although Parkinsonism has been around almost as long as recorded history, there is yet to be found a cause or a cure. Medications tame the symptoms and prolong life, but are incapable of reversing the disease progression.. Diagnosis relies exclusively upon clinical signs and symptoms, because almost all laboratory and radiography tests are normal in the Parkinson patient. For this reason early diagnosis is very difficult. The fact that early signs of Parkinsonism can easily be overlooked as normal aging, further complicates diagnosis. Therefore, primary care physicians of the middle-aged and elderly population must be extremely sensitive to patients’ outward appearance and changes in movement ability. Most signs and symptoms of Parkinson disease correspond to one of three motor deficiencies: bradykinesia, akinesia, tremor, and rigidity. The first two qualities are usually present before tremor, but often attributed to aging by the patient and even the physician, and thus the disease is rarely diagnosed until tremor becomes evident much later. An average of 80% of the nigrostriatal neurons may have already degenerated by the time Parkinsonism is diagnosed, which complicates treatment (Fitzgerald, 130). Bra... ...ed. Bailliere Tindall. London: 1985. Kandel, E. R., J. H. Schwarz, and T. M. Jessel. Principles of Neural Science. 3rd ed. Elsevier. New York: 1991. Korczyn, A. D. "Autonomic Nervous System Disturbances in Parkinson’s Disease." Advances in Neurology. Vol. 53, 1990, Pp., 463-468. Langston, J. W. "Current Theories on the Cause of Parkinson’s Disease. " Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1989, suppl. ,pp. 13-i7. Lees, AJ. "The On-Off Phenomenon." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1989, suppl. ,pp. 29-37. Lieberman, A., "Emerging Perspectives in Parkinson’s Disease." Neurology. April 1992. suppl 4.. Pp. 5-7. Rowland, L. P., ed. Merritt’s Textbook of Neurology. 7th ed. Lea and Febiger. Philadelphia: 1984. Walton, Sir John. Brain’s Diseases of the Nervous System. 9th ed. Oxford University Press. Oxford: 1985. The Etiology and Treatment of Parkinson Disease Essay -- Health Aging Parkinson Disease There exists a group of people who live the final years of their lives in glass boxes. They are perfectly capable of seeing outside, but incapable of reaching out to the world around them. Their emotions can not be shown through facial expression, and as their condition continues, speech also becomes difficult or even impossible. These people are men and women of all races and geographical areas, constituting one percent of the world’s population over 50 years old. Parkinson disease is their affliction. Although Parkinsonism has been around almost as long as recorded history, there is yet to be found a cause or a cure. Medications tame the symptoms and prolong life, but are incapable of reversing the disease progression.. Diagnosis relies exclusively upon clinical signs and symptoms, because almost all laboratory and radiography tests are normal in the Parkinson patient. For this reason early diagnosis is very difficult. The fact that early signs of Parkinsonism can easily be overlooked as normal aging, further complicates diagnosis. Therefore, primary care physicians of the middle-aged and elderly population must be extremely sensitive to patients’ outward appearance and changes in movement ability. Most signs and symptoms of Parkinson disease correspond to one of three motor deficiencies: bradykinesia, akinesia, tremor, and rigidity. The first two qualities are usually present before tremor, but often attributed to aging by the patient and even the physician, and thus the disease is rarely diagnosed until tremor becomes evident much later. An average of 80% of the nigrostriatal neurons may have already degenerated by the time Parkinsonism is diagnosed, which complicates treatment (Fitzgerald, 130). Bra... ...ed. Bailliere Tindall. London: 1985. Kandel, E. R., J. H. Schwarz, and T. M. Jessel. Principles of Neural Science. 3rd ed. Elsevier. New York: 1991. Korczyn, A. D. "Autonomic Nervous System Disturbances in Parkinson’s Disease." Advances in Neurology. Vol. 53, 1990, Pp., 463-468. Langston, J. W. "Current Theories on the Cause of Parkinson’s Disease. " Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1989, suppl. ,pp. 13-i7. Lees, AJ. "The On-Off Phenomenon." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1989, suppl. ,pp. 29-37. Lieberman, A., "Emerging Perspectives in Parkinson’s Disease." Neurology. April 1992. suppl 4.. Pp. 5-7. Rowland, L. P., ed. Merritt’s Textbook of Neurology. 7th ed. Lea and Febiger. Philadelphia: 1984. Walton, Sir John. Brain’s Diseases of the Nervous System. 9th ed. Oxford University Press. Oxford: 1985.

Ethic Notions

DR. LINZIE SPRING 2013 MARLON RIGGS: ETHNIC NOTIONS 1. Which theoretical paradigm is presented in the film to study race relations? This video presents a symbolic integrationist perspective. It evaluates how people in the United States have used symbols to belittle a race of people. Society used certain symbols and caricatures to communicate ideas to the general public. 2. What is socialization? Socialization is the lifelong process by which people learn the ways of the society in which they live.The process by which humans acquire a sense of self or a social identity, develop their human capacities, learn culture, and learn about the expected behaviors. 3. What is culture? (What are the two main forms of culture? ) Sociologically, culture is the way of life of a people. The two main forms of culture are material culture ( all the physical objects that people have invented or borrowed from other cultures) and nonmaterial culture ( the intangible human creations that include beliefs, values, norms, and symbols). . What is social structure? Social structure is a system that coordinates human activities in broadly predictable ways, shaping relationships and opportunities to connect to others, gives people an identity, puts up barriers to accessing resources and people, and determines the relative ease or difficulty with which those barriers can be broken. 5. What is identity and how do culture and social structure construct identity and socialize new members in terms of these images?The way we live and the people we socialize on a daily basis made a difference on how we identify ourselves. Cultures gives us ideas of what is acceptable and what material objects we have to play, work, and develop. Meanwhile, social structure gives us an advantage, or disadvantage that helps us develop skills and connections that will identify us. 6. What are the names and images used in each socio-economic period? – Emancipation (pre/post) -Reconstruction (pre/post) -Civil Ri ghts (pre/post) NOTES:

Final Paper Reilgion Freud And Lewis

On the other hand Freud – the founder of psychoanalysis and an atheist could only produce the kind of love that was reciprocal. I believe that they were tied to their views on religion by their understanding of what love was to them. Lewis once believed or at least had to some degree thought like Freud. As I relate â€Å"Religion: Why Bother† I couldn't help but think about â€Å"The watch out† Attitude: Religion Is Dangerous stated â€Å"Religion Is both psychologically and sociologically dangerous. Freud and Lexis's perspectives on love differ because Lewis focuses on God while Freud focuses on self. One on hand. Lexis's explains that Gods love in man enables him to love unconditionally. For an example, Lewis believed the divine gift love in a man enables him to love what is not durably lovable – lepers, criminals, enemies and morons. On the other hand, Freud believes on the gratification of self because a man's beliefs and behavior stem from his own ch ildhood fears and desires.Moreover, Freud and Lewis perspectives on love are tied together because they focus on the affection for family, friends and sexual love; however, Lewis added a fourth category – love of God. Lexis's response to Fraud's critique on religion is that love does not have an ulterior motive. In my opinion, the viewpoints within â€Å"Religion: Why Bother† are self- centered rather than leafless because there has to more than Fraud's type of love; therefore, most circumstances do not revolve around oneself.Because God Is love. Lexis's perspective on love is more convincing than Fraud's for the reason that Lewis acknowledged that to believe in God and to pray, were the beginning of his extroversion. The light came on, He had been taken out of himself. BY BFY5050 degree thought like Freud. As I relate â€Å"Religion: Why Bother† I couldn't help but think about â€Å"The Watch Out† Attitude: Religion Is Dangerous stated â€Å"Religion is both differ because Lewis focuses on God while Freud focuses on self. One on hand,

Why are there different theories of the state Which one do you find most useful and why

Why are there different theories of the state Which one do you find most useful and why Introduction The purpose of this essay is to provide an overview of the different theories of the state, highlight the various reasons why there are different theories of the state, and finally, identify the most useful theory as well as providing a justification of the choice.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Why are there different theories of the state? Which one do you find most useful and why? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Theories forms the basis of explaining complex phenomenon in a more practical way, and as such the relations that exist in a nation-state can only be understood with the help of a theory. There exist different theories of the state such as pluralism, elite theory, classic Marxist theory, realism and corporatism (Barzel, 2002, p. 75). The main proponents of the Pluralism are Talcott Parsons, Arnold Rose, Nail Smelser and Peter Bently. This theory is based on functionalism and its emphases are ; stability, equilibrium, conservative perspective and gradual change. This theory maintains that societal power is widely shared, fragmented, decentralized and deriving from a number of sources (Duncan, 2009, p. 34). It also opine that society consist of groups and associations that are many and diverse with conflicting interests that are balanced by the state, and as such the groups have considerable influences on major institutions and government policy. It also assumes a natural power balance among different groups coupled with democratic traditions, consensus of values, procedures and principles. In addition, governmental and economic institutions are separate thus they are not overlapping sources of power. In this theory, the state performs roles which include; it represents institutionalized authority and power, it is the supreme guardian of democracy, it acts as the mediator or bargaining agent, as well as policing conflict of interest and promoting harmony to attain order a nd equilibrium (Dubbink, 2003, p. 179). The second theory of the state is elite theory. This theory opine that the societal power rests in the hands of a few individuals who have power over key institutions resources, and at the same time the elite group are not accountable to the citizens. They derive their power from social organizations meaning that they possess a lot of power, and as such, they do anything to ensure that they retain power. They theory opine that there is stratification in societies, the present power is utilized for societal welfare and benefit or for personal gain, there are one or other ruling elites, and that the powerful and the elite are the same.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The elites have such resources as cunning and skills, as well as intelligence, this variation sets them apart from the populace with the masses being characterized by incompetence, apathy and not able to govern themselves. In addition, the prevailing organizational complexities necessitate for a leader. The relations that are built are in relation to power and wealth. For instance, power in United States rests in control of the Pentagon, that is, the state, the economy and the military (Smith, 1995, p. 91). The third theory is classic Marxist theory, which maintains that individuals who have power over the means of production rule society. They further asserts that the main determinant of political phenomenon is the politics class basis, that individuals realize themselves through work, and the basis or foundation of the society is the economy. It continues to maintain that political conflict equates to class conflict since political groups are composed of classes. In addition, economic dominance translates to power with power flowing from economic relations. The state performs functions such as; legitimizing and perpetuation of the existing s ocial class system, and accumulating role, as well (Hay, Marsh Liste, 2007, p. 53). The other theory is realism. This theory maintains that there is a difference between the politics realm and ethics and moral principles realm. It also argues that the state has absolute power, single-minded pursuit of interest, national security and power. Objective laws rooted in human nature rule the society and politics. Lastly, we have corporatism theory where the state is seen as the supreme central organ that is responsible for leading and directing society based on its directives. In addition, cooperation between the state, trade unionists and capitalists is necessary to ensure capital accumulation and investment, increased levels of employment, and citizen consumption. The theory further champion for state intervention provided the interventions fall within the principles of capitalist. This theory further asserts that the state should play a vital role in leading the major institutions in the economy, while the business sector plays a reciprocal role.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Why are there different theories of the state? Which one do you find most useful and why? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The main aim of this category of theories is to ensure equitable redistribution of resources, lower the unemployment levels, as well as inflation and extend citizenship rights (Williamson, 1989, p. 89). Rationale for different theories of the state Research points out the variation in ideologies as the main source of different theories of the state. Scholars come up with their theories based on observations and purpose, and as such, the findings of their observation may vary, though, they are eligible for generalization (Kelsen, 2007, p. 62). For instance, a state is made up of sub-systems such as society, institutions and the people/groups. The relationship between these three sub-systems may vary an d be insufficient, and as such scholars seeks to increase the body of knowledge through developing new theories and upgrading the existing theories (Avineri, 2004, p. 88). The other reason why there is growth in the number of theories of the state is the conception that an analysis that focuses mainly on a certain state is insufficient. Ideally, the states are different, distinct entities; hence, there is no similar relation between different states. As such, most theories discuss other aspect such as obligation, authority and rights, but there is no exclusive analysis on the state (Williamson, 2010, p. 64). This existing gap in studies triggers the need to analyze and develop a theory that can explain the existing relationship in the state. Other scholars opine that the power variations, theoretical frameworks as well as inter-state pressures are playing a major role in shaping states development, yet they are deficient in explaining the global and the depth dimensions of the chang es that are currently taking place (Eckersley, 2004, p. 66). The unitary aspect of the world as stipulated by the dependency theory, enumerated that significance of understanding of different actions of certain states in relation to the bipolar relationship. The existing concept of unity among states triggers the need to establish the underlying principles that leads to the presence of such relations. This pattern of relationship among states necessitates the development of a theory which explains in depth and expound in details of such relationship. This can only be possible through a theory.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The need of a theory is to act as a guideline during state development agenda such as reforms which can only be understood in relation to the constraints that arise out of the centre-periphery relationship. The dependency theory plays a vital role in guiding state action. Moreover, the social relation nature of the state is another aspect that explains the different theories of the state. The social phenomenon that is present in a state cannot be separated; hence, they form a social relation. As such, social relations, that is, relations between people are characterized as unstable, fluid, often passionate, and unpredictable. However, they rigidify to forms that appear to get hold of their own dynamic, and their own autonomy, forms, which are vital for societal stability, especially the capitalist society. As such, it is difficult to scientifically think about such forms, and doing so is like a criticism to the discipline. Therefore, it is vital to develop theories that explain in d etails such rigidity of the state. In addition, such a theory forms the basis of understanding the togetherness that prevails among states. The nature of the states is another key factor that results in different theories of the state. The derivation of the state can be either singular or as capitalists puts it â€Å"nation-state† form, as such this concept strives to the understanding of the political or statehood. In addition, to analyze the relationship between society and the state it is necessary to assume a correlation between society, state and social class. To alleviate the confusion that may arise between ‘the political’ and the state, a theoretical generalization is necessary. For a better conceptualization of the relationship between the globally mobile capital and the nationally fixed state, it is necessary to analyze political development in relation to the conflict that result from capital fractions and the state. This linkage between capital and st ate is shown using personal connections and family links, and as such the links are theoretically explored in order to bring out clearly the capitalist nature of the economy. This is evident in theories such as classic theories of imperialism, state capitalist theory and state monopoly capitalist theory (Shaw, 2000, p. 51). The growing competition among states, as well as the varying positions of different economies in regard to global capital cannot be sufficiently discussed in relation to competition among ‘national capitals’. This discussion can be sufficiently deliberated from the mobility of capital perspective as compared to immobility of capital standpoint. Not only does the existence of a single country depend on world capitalism reproduction, but also on capitalism reproduction within its borders. The competitive struggle that is witnessed among states is not only concerning a competition between national capitals, however it is a struggle between states to ret ain and attract a share of the global capital (Holloway, 1995, p. 61). This can only be achieved through ensuring favorable conditions such as maintenance of law and order, building of infrastructure, provision of education, as well as labor power regulation within a national state borders. As such, states depicts an antagonism, which expresses not an exploitation of the periphery states by the developed states, but rather expose the unequal struggle between states in relation to global capital attraction (Beer, 1974, p. 77). According to the dependency theory, states can only be understood in relation to their presence in the bipolar world whose main characterization is exploitation. However, exploitation is not poor countries exploiting rich countries, but an exploitation of global labor by world capital, and again the bipolarity is the one for class. In this sense, it is difficult to understand the relation between states as an external one, and as such, the understanding of nati onal development can only be theorized in order to point out a clear understanding of a national state development and limit confusion that may occasion any generalization made scientifically (Marciano, 2005, p. 78). Corporatist theory I prefer this theory since it create an economic system, which serves the interest of all the groups. In this case, a hybrid system will serve this purpose best, as observed in the case of United States. The components of such a system are that it provides the private sector and public (government) with the opportunity to control equally part of the natural resources. These will ensure that the different opinions in the society receive a moderate balance. In addition, the system should be one which the government plays a pivotal role in providing the necessary solutions and strategies of solving the problems facing the society (Barzel, 2002, p. 52). In addition, the system, as well, will ensure integration of both the private sector and government uni ts in the production of various goods and services to solve amicably the issues prevailing in a society. The government cannot solely provide quality and affordable goods and services that can be equitably distributed among the members of the society (Wiarda, 1981, p. 77). For instance, the government cannot provide quality health and education facilities to all members of the society; this will create conflict among the society members. When access to resources and means of production is by both the government and the private sector, the government will have surplus resources that can be used in providing services such as health, education, infrastructure, legal, and military defense to the society (Pressman, 2006, p. 31). The system should also have components such as, the government ability to take precedence in any decisions that move around quantity of goods to be produced. The government is responsible in making final decisions whenever there is an issue that brings contention , and the two parties cannot square out a balance. The private sector contribution to the economy should be geared towards the achievement of objectives that add to equitable and fair distribution of available resources. The resources should be utilized in a manner that will consider those of future generation. The utilization of resources should be socially oriented. The overall pattern of the economic system has changed due to a change in some trends, in the economy. Some of these trends include; democratization, significant shift to market economies as well as the revival of cultural and ethnic politics (Dunleavy, 1994, p. 48). Democracy is taking the center stage in the political arena of many countries, with economies engaging in free, regular and fair elections. Democracy has nurtured civil liberties like freedom of speech, assembly and belief, neutrality in legal aspects, civilian control of the military, presence of civil societies that provide individuals with opportunities to own and operate their property as well as a rule of law that ensure equal opportunities for all the citizens in an economy. This is in relation to the key features that corporatism nurtures and strengthens (Centeno, 2001, p. 54). The resulting competition, which arise when an economy facilitates the engagement of both the private and public sectors of the economy has influenced the shift by most of the economies to a market system. Economies are moving to systems that foster success and recently a term known as marketization whose adoption by a good number of economies is on the rise. Marketization describes a re-creation in the economy where labor, goods, services and property are all allowed to function in a market, that is, a competitive environment to determine their price. The move has seen privatization of state owned property, where the government decides to sell some property they own to private individuals (Wagner, 2007, p. 86). Fragmentations that exist among the membe rs of the society play a pivotal role in determining and shaping politics in the world. Nationalism is on its diving mode due to the increasing globalization. The revival of cultural and ethical conflicts can hamper the system prevailing in an economy. This is because nations that have varying ideologies and socioeconomic differences may lead to a shift in the economic system from realism to a pluralism economy. In this sense, it is necessary to have government interventions so as o mitigate the consequences that could result from conflicting ideologies among society members (Hestad, 2009, p. 34). When an economy embraces corporatism, there is some degree of success. The measurement of success of an economy is through the economic progress indicators. The main indicators of economic progress include; equal distribution of resources, low levels of poverty, low levels of illiteracy, life expectancy rate improvement, improved agriculture, as well as equitable access of opportunities (D unleavy OLeary, 2000, p. 61). For, the system to accurately function a central planning authority should be the place with a mandate of ensuring that there is an achievement of proper planning and allocation of resources. The planning authority is in a central place where all the different aspects of economic resources are channel to, and their function is to draw up a plan of ensuring that all societies benefit from their efforts and resources, for example, the one that is in place in United States (Pressman, 2006, p. 72). In addition, corporatism asserts that the ownership of a number of resources is by individuals and some by the Government. The decisions regarding the production of goods are partly by individuals and partly by the government. For example, land, factories and other properties can be under the ownership of individuals and departments like railways, sea and airports are under the control of the Government. The opinions of individuals and government are deposit int o consideration when making a decision (Morrow, 1995, p. 56). Based on these documented studies and literature, a state has complex relations that can only be explained by the help of a theory. Each theory has its main tenets that underlie its development, and these points at the key features that are common among states. With such deliberation between the reasons for a considerable number of theories of the state, this essay maintains that an economy such as United States and any other similar state can utilize corporatism theory to attain its microeconomic objectives of fair distribution of resources, price stability, as well as economic growth (Cole, 1994, p. 42). References Avineri , S., 2004, Hegels theory of the modern state. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Barzel, Y., 2002, A theory of the state: economic rights, legal rights, and the scope of  the State Political economy of institutions and decisions. New York: Cambridge University Press. Barzel, Y., 2005, A theory of the state: economic rights, legal rights, and the scope of  the state. New York: Sage. Beer, S., 1974, Designing Freedom, Chichester. New York: John Wiley Sons. Centeno, M. A., 2001, The other mirror: grand theory through the lens of Latin  America. New York: Princeton University Press. Cole, G. H., 1994, The pluralist theory of the state. New York: Routledge. Dubbink, W., 2003, ‘State, Market and Civil Society in a New Configuration’, In Wim  Dubbink, Assisting the Invisible Hand: Contested Relations Between Market, State and Civil Society. Dordecht: Kluwer Publishing. Duncan, G. C., 2009, Democracy and the capitalist state, London: CUP Archive. Dunleavy, P., OLeary, B., 2000, Theories of the state: the politics of liberal  democracy. New York: New Amsterdam. Dunleavy, P., 1994, Theories of the state: the politics of liberal democracy. New York: Education. Eckersley, R., 2004, The green state: rethinking democracy and sovereignty, New York: MIT Press. Hay, C., Marsh, D., Liste, M., 2007, The State- Theories and Issues. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Hestad, L., 2009, Theories of the state. Dakota: University of South Dakota. Holloway, J., 1995, Global Capital and the National State. Basingtoke: MacMillan. Kelsen, H., 2007, General Theory of Law And State, New York: The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. Marciano, A. J., 2005, Law and the state: a political economy approach. New York: Edward Elgar Publishing. Morrow, R., 1995, Social theory and education: a critique of theories of social and  cultural reproduction. London: SUNY Press. Pressman, S., 2006, Alternative theories of the state. London: Palgrave MacMillan Pressman, S., 2010, Alternative theories of the state. London: Sage. Shaw, M., 2000, Theory of the global state: globality as unfinished revolution, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Smith, G. H., 1995, The theory of the state. New York: Princeton University. Wagner , R. H., 2007, War and the state: the theory of international pol itics. Michigan: University of Michigan Press. Wiarda, H. J., 1981, Corporatism and national development in Latin America. New York: Westview Press. Williamson, P. J., 2010, Varieties of Corporatism: A Conceptual Discussion, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Williamson, P. J., 1989, Corporatism in perspective: an introductory guide to  corporatist theory, New York: Sage.

Bailouts as a Financial Aid from the US Government

Bailouts as a Financial Aid from the US Government The interference by the US government in order to help large firms or states facing financial crisis is a crucial undertaking because the failure in this regard affects the economy adversely. In this regard, the government promotes measures that channel financial aid to firms or states in need of help. History demonstrates that the US government has participated in bailouts for various American corporations and states. In 1971, the Lockheed Corporation faced numerous financial challenges.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Bailouts as a Financial Aid from the US Government specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The anticipated failure of the corporation meant that a large number of people would become jobless. In addition, the corporation’s failure would affect America’s gross national product and its defense system. However, Lockheed could pay off its various debts because of a bailout realized through the Emer gency Loan Guaranteed Act passed by the Congress. In the 1970s, the New York City entered a period characterized by numerous financial problems. In response, the US government provided an estimated $2.3 billion to the city in terms of loans. The New York City Seasonal Financing Act enabled New York to obtain the largely needed financial aid. The 9/11 terrorist attacks in the United States affected the airline industry negatively. Various airlines incurred considerable financial losses due to the mandatory grounding of aircraft because of terrorist attacks. In this regard, the Bush administration passed into law the Air transportation Safety and Stabilization act that introduced various forms of compensation for the affected airlines. The provision of financial assistance to businesses and states presents various opportunities. First, it creates an opportunity that allows the company of concern to remain within the industry to avoid causing any significant effects on other related en tities. Thus, a country may grant subsidies or loans at low rates to a company in order to ensure that all the vital industries continue to function in a manner that promotes the sustenance of the economy. Furthermore, such an approach cushions the economy from various ripple effects whose outcomes are undesirable to a country. In this regard, the government can control unemployment rates and other costs such as welfare expenses due to reduced livelihoods. Bailouts provide companies and states with an opportunity to evaluate various aspects concerning financial management. In this regard, companies or states can adopt policies that promote the effective use of funds, and eliminate policies that increase chances of financial crisis. Furthermore, bailouts provide the government with an opportunity to benefit from loan fees.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The advocat es for the free market oppose the intervention by the state on matters relating to the economy. In their opinion, the provision of financial aid to companies or states encourages them to perform poorly. Another consideration among the free market advocates is the government’s influence on the normal functioning of various market forces. The funds utilized to rescue companies or states should go back to the treasury once the bailout beneficiary has regained financially. However, not all the companies or states that receive financial assistance attain full recovery. Some companies become bankrupt leading to the loss of public money. Another challenge is cases of disagreement between various parties involved in the setting up of a bailout program for a certain company or state. For example, although the Penn Central Railroad was in dire need of financial assistance, disagreements between the administration and the Congress led to the eventual failure of the corporation.

Change of Character in Macbeth

Macbeth 's character is You are Grammy, it is Cado, and it should be your promise (1.5.15-16). In Shakespeare's classic tragedy Macbeth, Mrs Macbeth is a powerful, dismal incendress who originally planned to kill King Duncan. On the other hand, her husband trembled with conscience and was afraid of the result. However, by the end of the game, the character was flipped. Macbeth became a stupid character and his wife was jealous of sorrow and despair. Macbeth 's character change Macbeth is the protagonist of William Shakespeare' s play Macbeth. Macbeth has undergone a drastic change throughout the game. He changed from good to evil. Various things will lead to these changes. At first, Macbeth was a nice person. Everything changed when he met three witches. When Macbeth first saw a witch, they would say two things to start the evil traces of Macbeth. All Mourning, Macbeth. Your Story, Turn of Cain! - Conscious human of Macbeth and Macbeth Macbeth has a free will, this free will is what we do between good and evil . Right to choose In Shakespeare 's play' Macbeth ', Macbeth and his wife planned to kill King Duncan so that they could become Scotland rulers. We understand that having the ability to advise conscience leads to our responsibility. These responsibilities can appear as guilt and happiness. What's more interesting than this process is that Shakespeare shows us how Macbeth's personality has changed. Shakespeare used killing as a barometer to explain these changes. Macbeth 's Scotland and Norway fought before the script started. In this war, Macbeth is a hero praised in his courage and strength: but everything is too weak; despised wealth for brave Macbeth (he ought to get this name), he is It is the same as swinging steel smoking. Macbeth understood all her mistakes and its effects. He wants to end his life. Because he does not want to harm another person or his conscience further. When Macbeth was on the verge of losing power, the audience seemed miserable , reflecting what he was longing for, but never accepted fate. In order to evoke sympathy, Shakespeare revealed the inner goodness of Macbeth by providing a transition of honor.

Which ethical theory provides the most convincing guide to the ethical Essay

Which ethical theory provides the most convincing guide to the ethical conduct of business - Essay Example The fundamental reason for this is the emergence of the ethical consumer. This is a special breed of the common person which finds solace in the fact that his/her buying decisions are responsible decisions. This type of consumer will make purchase decisions influenced to some extent by knowing the operations of the company from which certain products are being bought. Understandably, being ethical is likely to have as many meanings as there are consumers but in a broad sense, the consumer could be very hesitant in buying goods or services from a company which does not ensure that its products or operations do not harm or exploit labour, animals or cause extensive pollution to the world around us (Ethical Consumer, 2006). Such decisions are very easy to make for the majority of people living in the UK where being an ethical consumer is relatively easy as compared to the situation a few years ago. The ethical consumer depends on information since it is the root of ethical buying decisions (Ethical Consumer, 2006). Information about companies, their actions, deeds and use of money is very easily accessed, shared and distributed on the internet (Adams, 2004). The use of the internet certainly makes the task easier as compared to getting information about companies in the developing world. Therefore, anyone with even a passing interest in a certain company can find out as much as they would like about the company and their various processes. At the very root of business is the image of the company and the way in which it presents itself to consumers (Brown, 2005). The usefulness of ethical egoism is clear when the image that the company wants to present is that of an ethical organisation or even an ethical government (Yeatman, 2004). This is particularly important for organisations dealing in finance who must present an image of honesty and reliability to their consumers. Similarly, a company which produces outdoor camping gear would be

Respond Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Respond - Essay Example an interesting way of internal organizational communication, do you think it could have an impact on customer satisfaction if used while serving them? 2. Delegation of duties and tasks is an important aspect of managers. Although managers should delegate duties and responsibilities, they should not delegate their accountability. As leaders and managers cannot accomplish all tasks by themselves, it is their duty to identify competent people from among them to handle these duties on their behalf. The fear of being accountable for the mistakes of those handling the tasks in most cases prevents leaders from delegating. Subsequently, they avoid delegating as much as they can, if they have little trust on their subordinates. At personal level, could the lack of trust on quality be a major contributing factor why you avoid getting things done through others? 3. Despite the belief that you can be self-sufficient, there are possibilities that you will find some tasks difficult to handle in various instances. Sometimes, you will find that another person’s ideas and creativity go a long way in helping you solve certain problems or handle complicated situations. This is the essence of teamwork. Every successful leader should possess these qualities. Therefore, whenever you seek the assistance of another person, this is an indication that you rely on the person to get things done, an element of delegation. Further, what are the ways in which companies can show recognition and appreciation of their employees’

The writer will choose the topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

The writer will choose the topic - Essay Example Indian society has a number of social issues which seems to become critical with time. Control over wives by Indian married men is one those issues that is beings studied in the current times. It will not be incorrect to state that Indian married men tend to control their wives for almost every decision associated with them. The decisions for women regarding social interaction, health, education, working outside are majorly taken by their husband. Surprisingly, these decisions also include sensitive and individual point of view of selecting the option of abortion, wishing for a daughter as a kin for family etc. In other words, it can be said that men are highly influential in the lives of females in the Indian society that they are not even allowed to think of giving birth to a daughter. However, this decision is purely dependent upon one’s destiny (Cosin, Freeman and Hales). The development of such beliefs is present in the scripture of Indian religion that notes a woman to be a servant for her man throughout her life. In some of the families where parents have liberally allowed their daughters to get good education are observed to end up married in families that conservative. After receiving higher education, these women are not allowed to work for any organization as this may threaten the integrity of their husbands. One of the reasons behind the control of Indian men over their wives is that they believe that it will provide them a sense of superiority in life. Most of the psychologists have claimed that men who tend to control decisions for their wives are most likely to have been through a childhood with lesser or no say in their homes (Sharma and Sharma). In addition, it has also been noted that men who try to control their wives are those who believe that women are not capable of taking right decisions. Indian society has been famous for being

Reaction paper to the article The Role of Children in the Design of Essay

Reaction paper to the article The Role of Children in the Design of New Technology - Essay Example Is this was Druin proposes three main roles for children in the design process. Specifically these involve: user, tester, informant, and design partner. In this way children are tasked with becoming directly involved in the design process through engaging with the games and providing feedback. At later stages in the development they are tasked with actually giving advice to the designers about how the technology or game could be changed. The research then gives expansive consideration to the specific processes within these stages. A considerable amount of past research is advanced that considers how child-design interactions have been advanced in the past. Eventually the researchers advance the notion of cooperative inquiry. This aspect of the collaborative framework articulates how the child can best be utilized to gain insights on the design process. During the article’s conclusion the researchers establish a graph that articulates the historical evolution of human-computer interaction (HCI). This demonstrates that children have increasingly been given the opportunity to provide their insight into the design process. There are a number of considerations related to this article. One of the most prominent considerations is that the divisions the author establishes -- user, tester, informant, design partner – are highly simplistic in nature. In this way they constitute less an innovative framework and more a way of articulating common sense ways of engaging with children. While the author advances a number of research on the subject, in many instances this past research does not form a functional gestalt. Instead, it merely offers disparate ways that children have been used in the design process. Still, the researcher’s perspective on cooperative inquiry is effective in that it provides a structured process that can be used for a large variety of applications. In this way the researchers argue that the child and adult collaboration

American Military Occupation of Japan (1945-1952) Changed Japans Term Paper

American Military Occupation of Japan (1945-1952) Changed Japans Political Institutions And Processes - Term Paper Example Japanese people religiously believed that they were superior, but when they started to think that the Americans regarded them as inferior creatures, the conflict has intensified. The attack in Pearl Harbor in 1941 and the atomic bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 were the major violent charges happened between the U.S. and Japan. After the atomic bombings, Japan has accepted its defeat, and Emperor Hirohito requested his military forces to submit to General Douglas MacArthur being the appointed Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP) in Japan. The American conquerors occupied Japan from 1945-1952, and within these years, the relationship between the two countries was strengthened. In 1952, the Occupation authorities have returned Japan to the Japanese people; however, they make sure that Japanese leaders were already equipped with knowledge, dedication, and sincerity on their positions. Thus, they were already capable of bringing the country to success and not to demis e. Source: â€Å"Australia and Japan† Figure 1 illustrates the GDP of Japan after the American Occupation. It shows that Japan and the U.S. have equal footings in terms of GDP growth, but there is a reverse of growth on the 20th century. According to Hobbs and Dolan, â€Å"Japan’s special relationship with the United States boosted the economy long after the American occupation ended† (402). At present, the two countries are now very good friends and closest military allies. In fact, Prime Minister Naoto Kan said that the whole Japan is truly thankful for the U.S. unwavering support, and he further acknowledged the â€Å"importance of the U.S. military presence for the peace and security of the region† (Ito). The American people also felt... The Occupation has made Japan a strong democratic country and its basic objectives include the â€Å"abolition of militarism and ultra-national organizations in all forms; disarm and demilitarize Japan; strengthen democratic tendencies and processes in government†. When the Occupation started to dominate the country, the Westerners concluded that the change process would not be visible because people would not cooperate. However, Occupation authorities have been good to the Japanese people; in fact, they have been compassionate and did not abuse their power to show to them that they were not enemies, but friends who were willing to help. They have also emphasized that they could not enforce anything to Japan without their approval and support because democracy is all about freedom of expression. Thus, understanding, respect, and cooperation have been formed between the two countries. The American Military Occupation of Japan is very significant to the history of Japanese people, particularly to their political setting. Most of the reforms introduced during the Occupation are still intact until today; in fact, these are the reasons why Japan has become one of the most developed countries in the 20th century. Also, it helped Japanese leaders to regain the trust and confidence of their people, which was wasted during their surrender in 1945. Japan totally became a democratic country under the American conquerors, which had unlocked the gap between the two countries and became close allies in military and political matters. The Japanese people are very grateful to the American’s influence during the Occupation, and the American conquerors have appreciated the people’s willingness to accept their fate under their governance.

The writer will choose the topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

The writer will choose the topic - Essay Example Indian society has a number of social issues which seems to become critical with time. Control over wives by Indian married men is one those issues that is beings studied in the current times. It will not be incorrect to state that Indian married men tend to control their wives for almost every decision associated with them. The decisions for women regarding social interaction, health, education, working outside are majorly taken by their husband. Surprisingly, these decisions also include sensitive and individual point of view of selecting the option of abortion, wishing for a daughter as a kin for family etc. In other words, it can be said that men are highly influential in the lives of females in the Indian society that they are not even allowed to think of giving birth to a daughter. However, this decision is purely dependent upon one’s destiny (Cosin, Freeman and Hales). The development of such beliefs is present in the scripture of Indian religion that notes a woman to be a servant for her man throughout her life. In some of the families where parents have liberally allowed their daughters to get good education are observed to end up married in families that conservative. After receiving higher education, these women are not allowed to work for any organization as this may threaten the integrity of their husbands. One of the reasons behind the control of Indian men over their wives is that they believe that it will provide them a sense of superiority in life. Most of the psychologists have claimed that men who tend to control decisions for their wives are most likely to have been through a childhood with lesser or no say in their homes (Sharma and Sharma). In addition, it has also been noted that men who try to control their wives are those who believe that women are not capable of taking right decisions. Indian society has been famous for being

American Military Occupation of Japan (1945-1952) Changed Japans Term Paper

American Military Occupation of Japan (1945-1952) Changed Japans Political Institutions And Processes - Term Paper Example Japanese people religiously believed that they were superior, but when they started to think that the Americans regarded them as inferior creatures, the conflict has intensified. The attack in Pearl Harbor in 1941 and the atomic bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 were the major violent charges happened between the U.S. and Japan. After the atomic bombings, Japan has accepted its defeat, and Emperor Hirohito requested his military forces to submit to General Douglas MacArthur being the appointed Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP) in Japan. The American conquerors occupied Japan from 1945-1952, and within these years, the relationship between the two countries was strengthened. In 1952, the Occupation authorities have returned Japan to the Japanese people; however, they make sure that Japanese leaders were already equipped with knowledge, dedication, and sincerity on their positions. Thus, they were already capable of bringing the country to success and not to demis e. Source: â€Å"Australia and Japan† Figure 1 illustrates the GDP of Japan after the American Occupation. It shows that Japan and the U.S. have equal footings in terms of GDP growth, but there is a reverse of growth on the 20th century. According to Hobbs and Dolan, â€Å"Japan’s special relationship with the United States boosted the economy long after the American occupation ended† (402). At present, the two countries are now very good friends and closest military allies. In fact, Prime Minister Naoto Kan said that the whole Japan is truly thankful for the U.S. unwavering support, and he further acknowledged the â€Å"importance of the U.S. military presence for the peace and security of the region† (Ito). The American people also felt... The Occupation has made Japan a strong democratic country and its basic objectives include the â€Å"abolition of militarism and ultra-national organizations in all forms; disarm and demilitarize Japan; strengthen democratic tendencies and processes in government†. When the Occupation started to dominate the country, the Westerners concluded that the change process would not be visible because people would not cooperate. However, Occupation authorities have been good to the Japanese people; in fact, they have been compassionate and did not abuse their power to show to them that they were not enemies, but friends who were willing to help. They have also emphasized that they could not enforce anything to Japan without their approval and support because democracy is all about freedom of expression. Thus, understanding, respect, and cooperation have been formed between the two countries. The American Military Occupation of Japan is very significant to the history of Japanese people, particularly to their political setting. Most of the reforms introduced during the Occupation are still intact until today; in fact, these are the reasons why Japan has become one of the most developed countries in the 20th century. Also, it helped Japanese leaders to regain the trust and confidence of their people, which was wasted during their surrender in 1945. Japan totally became a democratic country under the American conquerors, which had unlocked the gap between the two countries and became close allies in military and political matters. The Japanese people are very grateful to the American’s influence during the Occupation, and the American conquerors have appreciated the people’s willingness to accept their fate under their governance.

Evaluating an Argument Essay Example for Free

Evaluating an Argument Essay In Gary Bauslaugh’s essay â€Å"Zero Tolerance†, there were five (5) arguments leading to the overall impact of the work. To begin with, Bauslaugh states, â€Å"The current trend for public officials to talk of â€Å"zero tolerance† has arisen because it seems to express public frustration with the lack of justice in the world. It seems to say ‘we are fed up and aren’t going to take it anymore. ’ It tells the world that our resolve, in the face of some problem, is absolute. † Second, he proceeds stating, â€Å"Unfortunately, unmitigated determination, as suggested by the idea of zero tolerance, can be real threat to justice. It is too vulnerable to abuse. It can be used as a device to justify the thoughtless and undiscriminating application of rules. Zero tolerance expresses a demand for immediate results. † Third, Bauslaugh stated, â€Å"Justice is complex and elusive; it requires insight and the delicate balancing of interests and principles; it is achieved only through thoughtful and fair processes. † Fourth, he stated, â€Å"Many thousands of Americans, mostly young people, are sitting in jails because of the zero tolerance policy in the so-called war on drugs. Most of these are not real criminals or hard-core drug users. Some of them are addicts, but they need the best and most sensitive care if they are to have hope of being cured. The brutality of prison sentences will not help any of them, nor will it help make a better society for the rest of us. † And lastly, Bauslaugh stated, â€Å"Zero tolerance is not about protecting the public. It is about making politicians sound tough and it is about helping bureaucrats avoid difficult decisions. It is, indeed, a really bad idea, and we should no longer be fooled by it. † In analyzing the arguments stated above their standard forms come about as follows: Argument number 1: 1. The current trend for public officials to talk of â€Å"zero tolerance† has arisen 2. It seems to express public frustration with the lack of justice in the world. 3. It seems to say ‘we are fed up and aren’t going to take it anymore. ’ Therefore, it tells the world that the public officials’ resolve is absolute whenever faced with some problem Argument number 2: 1. Unmitigated determination is too vulnerable to abuse. 2. It can be used as a device to justify the thoughtless and undiscriminating application of rules. 3. Zero tolerance expresses a demand for immediate results. Therefore, unmitigated determination can be real threat to justice as suggested by the idea of zero tolerance. Argument number 3: 1. Justice requires insight and the delicate balancing of interests and principles. 2. It is achieved only through thoughtful and fair processes. Therefore, justice is complex and elusive. Argument number 4: 1. Many thousands of Americans, mostly young people, are sitting in jails because of the zero tolerance policy in the so-called war on drugs. 2. Most of these are not real criminals or hard-core drug users. 3. Some of them are addicts, but they need the best and most sensitive care if they are to have hope of being cured. Therefore, the brutality of prison sentences will not help any of them, nor will it help make a better society for the rest of us. Argument number 5: 1. Zero tolerance is not about protecting the public. 2. It is about making politicians sound tough. 3. Iit is about helping bureaucrats avoid difficult decisions. Therefore, it is a really bad idea and we should no longer be fooled by it. (3) Evaluate the argument using Govier’s ARG In the first argument, the condition A does not pass for the first statement cannot be proven true with its present words alone. It is considered as a posteriori synthetic as the subject of the statement which is â€Å"trend† cannot be clearly defined by â€Å"arisen† alone. How can one prove that there is really a trend of â€Å"zero tolerance† among public officials? There must either be a testimony from the officials themselves or even a statement mentioning/hinting it as a common knowledge. Both the second and the third statement, however, passes as true as these are both a priori analytic proven by the defining zero tolerance to be â€Å"an expression of public frustration with the lack of justice in the world† and â€Å"a statement saying ‘ we are fed up ad aren’t going to take it anymore. ’† The R condition, on the other hand passes. Statements one to three have all the essential evidence to support G. Bauslaugh first introduces â€Å"zero tolerance† in the first statement, and then defines it with the succeeding two premises. These support how the public officials display an absolute resolve whenever faced with a problem. The G condition has failed in a minor scale for the statement could’ve been concluded in a better way. The author could’ve stated, â€Å"It tells the world whenever the public officials are faced with some problem their resolution is absolute. † The confusion of who the â€Å"our† were in the statement is cleared out. In the second argument, condition A passes for the premises have been proven true. The first statement is classified as a posteriori analytic and is proven true by â€Å"common knowledge†. Unmitigated or absolute determination as far as everybody knows is vulnerable to abuse. Concentrating that power like that will eventually corrupt the person and he/she may use it for personal will. The second statement is classified as a priori analytic and is proven true by the â€Å"law of excluded middle†. The statement is neither true nor is it false. That makes it viable to pass for condition A. On the other hand, the third statement is classified as a priori analytic and is proven true by â€Å"the law of identity†. â€Å"Zero tolerance† was defined as â€Å"something which demands immediate results†. Surely, a man without patience acts on whim to get the job done. All the while, the R condition fails for the evidences lack strength in supporting the conclusion. The first statement does not relate to the other two and clearly it cannot support the conclusion on its own. The following two statements on the other hand are linked but cannot provide the support for the current conclusion form. Subsequently, the G condition fails as well for the R failed. It wasn’t supported well enough by the premises. The third argument passes all the ARG condition. The first statement is proven true by the logic’s â€Å"law of identity† while the second statement is proven by â€Å"common knowledge†. It is known to people that justice can truly be achieved by the fairness of the court and justice is defined as balancing the interests and principles. Both statements are harmonized to give support to the conclusion; thus fulfilling the R condition and the G condition. Due to the variety of qualities needed to implement justice, it is proven to be complex and vague. In the fourth argument, the condition A fails in a great scale. All of the statements are a posteriori synthetic and can be proven only by testimony by the authority. The R condition passes if they are seen as a whole. Individually, they cannot support the conclusion. The inductive pattern contributes greatly into the developing the strong conclusion. The G condition passes as well. The R condition was structured well and has provided sufficient evidence to highlight the conclusion. In the last argument,the A condition passes for all the statements are proven by logic, more specifically the â€Å"law of excluded middle†. They are not considered true or false. Such premises are derived only from the author’s essay and do not have testimony from authority nor are they considered as common knowledge. Regardless, they are also speculated and are not proven to be fallacies. The R condition passes for the statements are constructed greatly. It pointed out how the zero tolerance is harmful to people then to about how this â€Å"makes politicians sound tough† and hoe they can use this to â€Å"avoid difficult decisions†. Truly, a magnificent inductive reasoning. The G condition passes on a minor note but it could’ve been constructed in a more precise way. It could go like, â€Å"Zero tolerance, with all the injustices laid down, truly is bad for us. We must avoid it! †

Improvements of Waterways in the Philippines

Improvements of Waterways in the Philippines 1.0 INTRODUCTION For too long the waterways of the Philippines have been grossly contaminated through activities including domestic uses, industrial discharges, stormwater run-off, discharge of untreated sewage, recreational activities and the like. It has been recognised that for the health and safety of both the people of the Philippines and the protection of the environment for our future generations it is necessary that a strategy be established to commence the enormous task of returning our waterways to a quality that complies if not surpasses international standards. Water everywhere is a very valuable commodity and an essential element in sustaining life. For this reason we must act as a community to ensure that we return our waterways back to a standard we can be proud of. For this reason DENR will embark on a strategy which has one sole objective which is to â€Å"CLEAN UP THE WATERWAYS OF THE PHILIPPINES† This discussion document provides a brief outline on items that should be considered if the objective of Cleaning up the waterways of the Philippines is to be realised. 2.0 WATERWAYS HIERARCHY In any strategy it is imperative that there are several options available to the community to enable them to successfully implement the strategy and thus achieve the objective. So in summarising some of the objectives DENR will consider the use of a waterways hierarchy as shown below. The waterways hierarchy simply describes the preference of options with avoidance being the ultimate option and disposal being the least favourable. This analogy is based on the international standards for cleaner production and waste minimisation which ultimately encourage that generating no waste is better than managing the waste that is generated. WATERWAYS HIERARCHY AVOIDANCE (PREFERRED) REUSE/RECYCLING TREATMENT DISPOSAL (LEAST PREFERRED) In preparing these options consideration was given towards how these could be applied against a waterways hierarchy and the practicalities of implementing the options with respect to social, financial and environmental indicators. 3.0 STRATEGY OPTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 3.1 Regulatory Framework The Philippines already has established several regulations pertaining to the management of waterways and the required quality that needs to be achieved by Industry and the community to ensure the waterways are protected. However, consideration needs to be given towards strengthening this legislation by addressing the following: Trade Waste Management (licensing and user pays system for industry discharging to the sewerage system) Littering Sewage plant discharge into inland and coastal waterways Management of Sewage spills and unauthorised discharges Algal bloom and nutrient management strategy Heavy fines for offenders Mandatory monitoring Establishment of Key Performance Indicators and Government targets for wastewater recycling and reuse. The above are only a few items that need to be considered in greater detail in order to ensure that the regulatory framework is in place to oblige the community to implement and continue to comply with the strategy. 3.2 Education, Training and Community Awareness Technology alone cannot solve all problems. In order for this strategy to be successful it must have obtained ownership from the community. They must be aware of their obligations with respect to the waterways hierarchy and we must tell the Philippines community how it can contribute towards the clean-up of the waterways. This will involve education programs both at a junior school level to engrain the importance of waterways and keeping them clean to ensure that the future generations avoid the mistake of returning to the old ways. The education programs need to also include local communities and industries so that they can see that there is a better way and that throwing that paper on the ground, or discharging untreated sewage in the river will make their life worse. We need to educate our community to demand a higher quality of life especially in relation to waterways and show them the benefits that a clean waterway can deliver. Things like better health, no rotten smell, increased tourism, better aesthetics, improved economic development and the like. Training environmental practitioners and industry leaders that pollution is bad business and that any dumping or inappropriate discharge into a waterway will have ramifications not only for the local environmental officer but for the senior officers of the company. These ramifications can include increased fines, bad publicity and in extreme situations imprisonment. Community awareness through targeted advertising campaigns could also get the message out. Adopting a community day once a year where the whole of Philippines gets together to clean up the waterways and the environment can achieve instant success and community pride that we all got together to improve our lives. Programs like these have been successfully implemented international such as â€Å"Clean up Australia†. There is no reason why there cannot be a clean-up Philippines. 3.3 Source Elimination Avoidance The first point in the waterways hierarchy is avoidance. This means removing polluting dischargers from the waterway itself. This includes industrial dischargers that are putting the industrial waste directly into inland waterways. Where the avoidance of the discharge cannot be achieved then industry should be required to ensure that the quality, through recycling and treatment at the discharge, meets strict discharge criteria. Avoiding the discharge of untreated sewage whether it is from ineffective wastewater treatment plants or direct discharge from the community. These inputs must be avoided or eliminated from being discharged into waterways as they can destroy a river system, generate unwanted odours, spread undesirable disease and the like. 3.4 Sewerage Management One of the issues faced in the Philippines is the difficulty of laying collection and sewer pipe infrastructure to enable wastewater in the form of sewage to be collected to a central location for treatment and disposal. For this reason it is essential that a number of options become available that can suit the varying topography and provincial needs of the Philippines. This can be achieved in two ways: Localised treatment plants that manage localised flows typically from 2.5KL/day to 40KL/day Medium sized Membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology typically from 40KL/day to 500KL/day Centralised wastewater systems based on MBR technology for areas where collection and laying pipe infrastructure is relatively easy. Examples of such plants are shown below: Localised wastewater treatment plants CWT Medium sized Plants Large MBR treatment plants (45ML/Day) Typical effluent quality The quality of the treated water from these treatment plants will enable reuse of this water for flushing toilets, irrigation, and industrial reuse and other non-consumption activities. 3.5 Storm Water Run-off Management There are several issues associated with the run-off and discharge of stormwater. These issues include collection of litter, oil and grease and other contaminants from roadways that then is discharged into the river system. Stormwater can also cause hydraulic overload and thus wash away sand and silt into the river. The silt and sand could contain heavy metals or other contaminants that will ultimately end up in the sediments of the river bed potentially creating undesirable conditions for aquatic species. Furthermore, the discharge of high levels of nitrogen collected from fertilisers and other similar processes will run-off into the river system and this contribute to the toxicity or provide adequate conditions for Algal Blooms to form. To alleviate this problem source control of run-off is essential. This will be a combination of improved infrastructure, stormwater capture and treatment of stormwater before discharge into the river. This has to be managed in light of stormwater hydraulics especially as many parts of the Philippines are subject to severe flooding. So treatment of say the first flush of stormwater after which the water is discharged directly to the river system bypassing the treatment. This option will treat the most contaminated portion of the stormwater but not restrict flow substantially to become a further cause of flooding. In looking at stormwater treatment there are four considerations, these are prevention, at source control, in-line structures and wetland/flood plains. Unfortunately not one of these systems in isolation can solve all the problems so wach system must be implemented in synergy. Some mitigation options that can be implemented include: Grate and entrance screens Side entry pit traps Baffled pits Litter collection baskets Boom diversion systems Release nets Trash racks Gross pollutant trap Circular screens Floating Debris Traps Some examples of these systems are shown below: Cleaning is the most important issue in the utilisation of these systems and adequate maintenance programs need to form part of the strategy of installing any form of Stormwater treatment and management system. 3.6 Emergency Response and Spill Management In any strategy that discusses the clean-up of waterways there must be an element to handle the unforseen spillage that do occur on a regular basis. The issue facing DENR is how it can become aware of these and how to implement appropriate mitigation options to protect human health and the environment from such events. It is therefore imperative that a system will be established that ensures that spillages to the environment are reported, that there is a plan for containment and that this containment can then provide enough time to determine an appropriate response for the economic clean up of the spill. Too often in emergency response companies and regulators rush to throw all options towards the resolution of such events that the end result is often created a larger problem than the spill itself. A classic example of this is when dispersants are being used for the management of oil spills. The dispersant has really only one option, alter the surface tension of water so as to make the oil miscible with the water and thus render the oil spill out of mind out of site. In reality what dispersants do is prolong the inevitable that is contamination of sea beds and shore lines. In almost all situations the oil spill will require more clean up at the shoreline due to the fact that waterway conditions hav e changed and the oil is now no longer miscible thus creating a similar situation several kilometres away from the original spill location. Thus any emergency response management system needs to deal with spill prevention, containment and removal not dilution. An example of alternative oil spill product that can be used instead of dispersants is Cleanmag. This product is briefly detailed below: CleanMag ® is an oil sorbing material in the form of magnetic granules. It is a porous material so the oil is absorbed upon contact with the CleanMag ® materials at ratios of 1:6 (1 ‘CleanMag 6 oil by weight). Due to a magnetic interaction all granules stay together forming a crust, which floats even after the oil has been absorbed and can be collected before the spill reaches the shoreline. In cases where the material does reach the coastline, the oil does not leak out due to strong cohesion onto the CleanMag ®, thus eliminating the devastating environmental impacts normally associated with oil spills reaching sensitive coastlines. The material and oil can be collected even days after CleanMag ® has been dispersed over the spill (by aerial or naval means), by using a magnetic conveyor belt or electromagnetic cranes mounted onto the collecting vessel (i.e. ship or tug). Should the oil spill extend to a large surface area ‘CleanMag ® can be sprayed on the boarders of the spill, thus creating a barrier and preventing oil dispersion.This helps slow down the rate of expansion of the surface of the spill and therefore creates more time for the clean up operation to be conducted. This time is important as it can enable more innovative recovery options that are less costly to the operator and furthermore minimize environmental penalties associated with such spillages, as the impact on the environment and communities is minimized. 3.7 Sediment clean-up Finally after the sources of pollution have been contained and managed consideration should then be given to dredging the sediments of the waterways with a view to removing the contaminants that have accumulated over several years. The final steps is necessary as the benefits of discharging clean high quality water that into the waterways system from the source control options mentioned earlier will not be realised. The reason for this is that the sediments will release contaminants and pollute the clean water. By cleaning these sediments it provides and opportunity for the life to return back to the waterway, free of pollution. So as a proud community lets CLEAN-UP THE WATERWAYS OF THE PHILIPPINES.